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Handbook of Superconductivity
Theory, Materials, Processing, Characterization and Applications (3-Volume Set)
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Book Description
Completely revised and updated, the second edition of the Handbook of Superconductivity is now available in three stand-alone volumes. As a whole they cover the depth and breadth of the field, drawing on an international pool of respected academics and industrial engineers. The three volumes provide hands-on guidance to the manufacturing and processing technologies associated with superconducting materials and devices. A comprehensive reference, the handbook supplies a tutorial on techniques for the beginning graduate student and a source of ancillary information for practicing scientists. The past twenty years have seen rapid progress in superconducting materials, which exhibit one of the most remarkable physical states of matter ever to be discovered. Superconductivity brings quantum mechanics to the scale of the everyday world where a single, coherent quantum state may extend over a distance of metres, or even kilometres, depending on the size of a coil or length of superconducting wire. Viable applications of superconductors rely fundamentally on an understanding of this intriguing phenomena and the availability of a range of materials with bespoke properties to meet practical needs. This first volume covers the fundamentals of superconductivity and the various classes of superconducting materials, which sets the context for volumes 2 and 3. Volume 1 ends with a tutorial on phase diagrams, and a glossary relevant to all 3 volumes.
Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Editors-in-Chief
Contributors
Volume 1 – Fundamentals and Materials
Part A Fundamentals of Superconductivity
A1 Introduction to Section A1: History, Mechanisms and Materials
David A. Cardwell and David C. Larbalestier
A1.1 Historical Development of Superconductivity
Brian Pippard
A1.2 An Introduction to Superconductivity
William F. "Joe" Vinen and Terry P. Orlando
A1.3 The Polaronic Basis for High-Temperature Superconductivity
K. Alex Müller
A2 Introduction to Section A2: Fundamental Properties
Alexander V. Gurevich
A2.1 Phenomenological Theories
Archie M. Campbell
A2.2 Microscopic Theory
Anthony J. Leggett
A2.3 Normal-State Metallic Behavior in Contrast to Superconductivity: An Introduction
David Welch
A2.4 The Meissner–Ochsenfeld Effect
Rudolf P. Huebener
A2.5 Loss of Superconductivity in Magnetic Fields
Rudolf P. Huebener
A2.6 High-Frequency Electromagnetic Properties
Adrian Porch, Enrico Silva, and Ruggero Vaglio
A2.7 Flux Quantization
Colin Gough
A2.8 Josephson Effects
Edward J. Tarte
A2.9 Other Josephson-Related Phenomena
Alexander A. Golubov and Francesco Tafuri
A3 Introduction to Section A3: Critical Currents of Type II Superconductors
David A. Cardwell
A3.1 Vortices and Their Interaction
E. Helmut Brandt
A3.2 Flux Pinning
Kees van der Beek and Peter H. Kes
Part B Low-Temperature Superconductors
B Introduction to Section B: Low-Temperature Superconductors
Peter J. Lee
B1 Nb-Based Superconductors
Gianluca De Marzi and Luigi Muzzi
B2 Magnesium Diboride
Chiara Tarantini
B3 Chevrel Phases
Damian P. Hampshire
Part C High-Temperature Superconductors
C Introduction to Section C: High-Temperature Superconductors
Jeffery L. Tallon
C1 YBCO
Jeffery L. Tallon
C2 Bismuth-Based Superconductors
Jun-ichi Shimoyama
C3 TIBCCO
Emilio Bellingeri and René Flükiger
C4 HgBCCO
Judy Z. Wu
C5 Iron-Based Superconductors
Hideo Hosono
C6 Hydrides
Jeffery L. Tallon
Part D Other Superconductors
D Introduction to Section D: Other Superconductors
Peter B. Littlewood
D1 Unconventional Superconductivity in Heavy Fermion and Ruthenate Materials
Stephen R. Julian
D2 Organic Superconductors
Gunzi Saito and Yukihiro Yoshida
D3 Fullerene Superconductors
Yoshihiro Iwasa and Kosmas Prassides
D4 Future High-Tc Superconductors
Ching-Wu Chu, Liangzi Deng, and Bing Lv
D5 Fe-Based Chalcogenide Superconductors
Ming-Jye Wang, Phillip M. Wu, and Maw-Kuen Wu
D6 Interface Superconductivity
Jörg Schmalian
D7 Topological Superconductivity
Panagiotis Kotetes
Volume 2 – Processing and Cryogenics
PART E Processing
E1 Introduction to Processing Methods
Kazumasa Iida
E2 Introduction to Section E2: Bulk Materials
Kazumasa Iida
E2.1 Introduction to Bulk Firing Techniques
Mark O. Rikel and Frank N. Werfel
E2.2 (RE)BCO Melt Processing Techniques: Fundamentals of the Melt Process
Yunhua Shi and David A. Cardwell
E2.3 Melt Processing Techniques: Melt Processing for BSCCO
Jun-ichi Shimoyama
E2.4 Growth of Superconducting Single Crystals
Debra L. Kaiser and Lynn F. Schneemeyer
E2.5 Growth of A15 Type Single Crystals and Polycrystals and Their Physical Properties
René Flükiger
E2.6 Irradiation
Harald W. Weber
E2.7 Superconductors in Future Accelerators: Irradiation Problems
René Flükiger, Tiziana Spina, Francesco Cerutti, Amalia Ballarino, and Luca Bottura
E3 Introduction to Section E3: Processing of Wires and Tapes
Jianyi Jiang
E3.1 Processing of High Tc Conductors: The Compound Bi-2212
Jianyi Jiang and Eric E. Hellstrom
E3.2 Processing of High Tc Conductors: The Compound Bi,Pb(2223)
Kenichi Sato
E3.3 Highlights on Tl(1223)
Athena Safa Sefat
E3.4 Processing of High Tc Conductors: The Compound YBCO
Judith L. MacManus-Driscoll
E3.5 Processing of High Tc Conductors: The Compound Hg(1223)
Ayako Yamamoto
E3.6 Overview of High Field LTS Materials (Without Nb3Sn)
René Flükiger
E3.7 Processing of Low Tc Conductors: The Alloy Nb–Ti
Lance D. Cooley, Peter J. Lee, and David C. Larbalestier
E3.8 Processing of Low Tc Conductors: The Compound Nb3Sn
Ian Pong
E3.9 Processing of Low Tc Conductors: The Compound Nb3Al
Takao Takeuchi, Akihiro Kikuchi, Nobuya Banno, and Yasuo Iijima
E3.10 Processing of Low Tc Conductors: The Compounds PbMo6S8 and SnMo6S8
Bernd Seeber
E3.11 Processing of Low Tc Conductors: The Compound MgB2
Akiyasu Yamamoto and René Flükiger
E3.12 Processing Pnictide Superconductors
Jeremy D. Weiss and Eric E. Hellstrom
E4 Introduction to Section E4: Thick and Thin Films
François Weiss and Michael Lorenz
E4.1 Substrates and Functional Buffer Layers
Bernhard Holzapfel and Jörg Wiesmann
E4.2 Physical Vapor Thin-Film Deposition Techniques
Roger Wördenweber
E4.3 Chemical Deposition Processes for REBa2Cu3O7 Coated Conductors
François Weiss and Carmen Jimenez
E4.4 High Temperature Superconductor Films: Processing Techniques
Paul Seidel and Volker Tympel
E4.5 Processing and Manufacture of Josephson Junctions: Low-Tc
Sergey K. Tolpygo, Thomas Schurig, and Johannes Kohlmann
E4.6 Processing and Manufacture of Josephson Junctions: High-Tc
Aleksander I. Braginski and Brian H. Moeckly
E5 Introduction to Section E5: Superconductor Contacts
Kazumasa Iida
E5.1 Superconductor to Normal-Metal Contacts
Jack W. Ekin
E5.2 Resistive High Current Splices
Christian Scheuerlein
E5.3 Persistent Mode Joints
Susie Speller, Timothy Davies, and Chris Grovenor
PART F Refrigeration Methods
F1 Introduction to Part F: Refrigeration Methods
Ray Radebaugh
F1.1 Review of Refrigeration Methods
Ray Radebaugh
F1.2 Pulse Tube Cryocoolers
John M. Pfotenhauer and Xiaoqin Zhi
F1.3 Gifford–McMahon Cryocoolers
Mingyao Xu and Ralph Longsworth
F1.4 Microcooling
Marcel ter Brake and Haishan Cao
F1.5 Cooling with Liquid Helium
John M. Pfotenhauer
Volume 3 – Characterization and Applications
Part G Characterization and Modelling Techniques
G1 Introduction to Section G1: Structure/Microstructure
Lance D. Cooley
G1.1 X-Ray Studies: Chemical Crystallography
Lance D. Cooley, Roman Gladyshevskii, and Theo Siegrist
G1.2 X-Ray Studies: Phase Transformations and Microstructure Changes
Christian Scheuerlein and M. Di Michiel
G1.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy
Fumitake Kametani
G1.4 An Introduction to Digital Image Analysis of Superconductors
Charlie Sanabria and Peter J. Lee
G1.5 Optical Microscopy
Pavel Diko
G1.6 Neutron Techniques: Flux-Line Lattice
Jonathan White
G2 Introduction to Section G2: Measurement and Interpretation of Electromagnetic Properties
Fedor Gömöry
G2.1 Electromagnetic Properties of Superconductors
Archie M. Campbell
G2.2 Numerical Models of the Electromagnetic Behavior of Superconductors
Francesco Grilli
G2.3 DC Transport Critical Currents
Marc Dhallé
G2.4 Characterisation of the Transport Critical Current Density for Conductor Applications
Mark J. Raine, Simon A. Keys, and Damian P. Hampshire
G2.5 Magnetic Measurements of Critical Current Density, Pinning, and Flux Creep
Michael Eisterer
G2.6 AC Susceptibility
Carles Navau, Nuria Del-Valle, and Alvaro Sanchez
G2.7 AC Losses in Superconducting Materials, Wires, and Tapes
Michael D. Sumption, Milan Majoros, and Edward W. Collings
G2.8 Characterization of Superconductor Magnetic Properties in Crossed Magnetic Fields
Philippe Vanderbemden
G2.9 Microwave Impedance
Adrian Porch
G2.10 Local Probes of Magnetic Field Distribution
Alejandro V. Silhanek, Simon Bending, and Steve Lee
G2.11 Some Unusual and Systematic Properties of Hole-Doped Cuprates in the Normal and Superconducting States
John R. Cooper
G3 Introduction to Section G3: Thermal, Mechanical, and Other Properties
Antony Carrington
G3.1 Thermal Properties: Specific Heat
Antony Carrington
G3.2 Thermal Properties: Thermal Conductivity
Kamran Behnia
G3.3 Thermal Properties: Thermal Expansion
Christoph Meingast
G3.4 Mechanical Properties
Wilfried Goldacker
G3.5 Magneto-Optical Characterization Techniques
Anatolii A. Polyanskii and David C. Larbalestier
Part H Applications
H1 Introduction to Large Scale Applications
John H. Durrell and Mark Ainslie
H1.1 Electromagnet Fundamentals
Harry Jones
H1.2 Superconducting Magnet Design
M’hamed Lakrimi
H1.3 MRI Magnets
Michael Parizh and Wolfgang Stautner
H1.4 High-Temperature Superconducting Current Leads
Amalia Ballarino
H1.5 Cables
Naoyuki Amemiya
H1.6 AC and DC Power Transmission
Antonio Morandi
H1.7 Fault-Current Limiters
Tabea Arndt
H1.8 Energy Storage
Ahmet Cansiz
H1.9 Transformers
Nicholas J. Long
H1.10 Electrical Machines Using HTS Conductors
Mark D. Ainslie
H1.11 Electrical Machines Using Bulk HTS
Mark D. Ainslie
H1.12 Homopolar Motors
Arkadiy Matsekh
H1.13 Magnetic Separation
James H. P. Watson and Peter A. Beharrell
H1.14 Superconducting Radiofrequency Cavities
Gianluigi Ciovati
H2 Introduction to Section H2: High-Frequency Devices
John Gallop and Horst Rogalla
H2.1 Microwave Resonators and Filters
Daniel E. Oates
H2.2 Transmission Lines
Orest G. Vendik
H2.3 Antennae
Heinz J. Chaloupka and Victor K. Kornev
H3 Introduction to Section H3: Josephson Junction Devices
John Gallop and Alex I. Braginski
H3.1 Josephson Effects
Francesco Tafuri
H3.2 SQUIDs
Jaap Flokstra and Paul Seidel
H3.3 Biomagnetism
Tilmann H. Sander Thoemmes
H3.4 Nondestructive Evaluation
Hans-Joachim Krause, Michael Mück, and Saburo Tanaka
H3.5 Digital Electronics
Oleg A. Mukhanov
H3.6 Superconducting Analog-to-Digital Converters
Alan M. Kadin and Oleg A. Mukhanov
H3.7 Superconducting Qubits
Britton Plourde and Frank K. Wilhelm-Mauch
H4 Introduction to Radiation and Particle Detectors that Use Superconductivity
Caroline A. Kilbourne
H4.1 Superconducting Tunnel Junction Radiation Detectors
Stephan Friedrich
H4.2 Transition-Edge Sensors
Douglas A. Bennett
H4.3 Superconducting Materials for Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors
Benjamin A. Mazin
H4.4 Metallic Magnetic Calorimeters
Andreas Fleischmann, Loredana Gastaldo, Sebastian Kempf, and Christian Enss
H4.5 Optical Detectors and Sensors
Roman Sobolewski
H4.6 Low-Noise Superconducting Mixers for the Terahertz Frequency Range
Victor Belitsky, Serguei Cherednichenko, and Dag Winkler
H4.7 Applications: Metrology
John Gallop, Ling Hao, and Alain Rüfenacht
Glossary
Index
Editor(s)
Biography
Professor David Cardwell, FREng, is Professor of Superconducting Engineering and Pro-Vice-Chancellor responsible for Strategy and Planning at the University of Cambridge. He was Head of the Engineering Department between 2014 and 2018. Prof. Cardwell, who established the Bulk Superconductor research group at Cambridge in 1992, has a world-wide reputation on the processing and applications of bulk high temperature superconductors. He was a founder member of the European Society for Applied Superconductivity (ESAS) in 1998 and has served as a Board member and Treasurer of the Society for the past 12 years. He is an active board member of three international journals, including Superconductor Science and Technology, and has authored over 380 technical papers and patents in the field of bulk superconductivity since 1987. He has given invited presentations at over 70 international conferences and collaborates widely around the world with academic institutes and industry. Prof. Cardwell was elected to a Fellowship of the Royal Academy of Engineering in 2012 in recognition of his contribution to the development of superconducting materials for engineering applications. He is currently a Distinguished Visiting Professor at the University of Hong Kong. He was awarded a Sc.D. by the University of Cambridge in 2014 and an honorary D.Sc. by the University of Warwick in 2015.
Professor David Larbalestier is Krafft Professor of Superconducting Materials at Florida State University and Chief Materials Scientist at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory. He was for many years Director of the Applied Superconductivity Center, first at the University of Wisconsin in Madison (1991-2006) before moving the Center to the NHMFL at Florida State University, stepping down as Director in 2018. He has been deeply interested in understanding superconducting materials that are or potentially useful as conductors and made major contributions to the understanding and betterment of Nb-Ti alloys, Nb3Sn, YBa2Cu3O7-, Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2Ox, (Bi,Pb)2Sr2Ca2Cu3Ox, MgB2 and the Fe-based compounds. Fabrication of high field test magnets has always been an interest, starting with the first high field filamentary Nb3Sn magnets while at Rutherford Laboratory and more recently the world’s highest field DC magnet (45.5 T using a 14.5 T REBCO insert inside a 31 T resistive magnet). These works are described in ~490 papers written in partnership with more than 70 PhD students and postdocs, as well as other collaborators. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2003 and is a Fellow of the APS, IOP, IEEE, MRS and AAAS. He received his B.Sc. (1965) and Ph.D. (1970) degrees from Imperial College at the University of London and taught at the University of Wisconsin in Madison from 1976-2006.
Professor Alex Braginski is retired Director of a former Superconducting Electronics Institute at the Research Center Jülich (FZJ), retired Professor of Physics at the University of Wuppertal, both in Germany, and currently a guest researcher at FZJ. He received his doctoral and D.Sc. degrees in Poland, where in early 1950s he pioneered the development of ferrite technology and subsequently their industrial manufacturing, for which he received a Polish National Prize. He headed the Polfer Research Laboratory there until leaving Poland in 1966. At the Westinghouse R&D Center in Pittsburgh, PA, USA, he then in turn managed magnetics, superconducting materials and superconducting electronics groups until retiring in 1989. Personally contributed there to technology of thin-film Nb3Ge conductors and Josephson junctions (JJs), both A15 and high-Tc, also epitaxial. Invited by FZJ, he joined it and contributed to development of high-Tc JJs and RF SQUIDs. After retiring in 1989, was Vice President R&D at Cardiomag Imaging, Inc. in Schenectady, NY, USA, 2000-2002. Co-edited and co-authored The SQUID Handbook, 2004-2006, several book chapters, and authored or co-authored well over 200 journal publications and 17 patents. He founded and served as Editor of the IEEE CSC Superconductivity News Forum (SNF), 2007-2017. Is Fellow of IEEE and APS, and recipient of the IEEE CSC Award for Continuing and Significant Contributions in the Field of Applied Superconductivity, 2006.